(Download) "Participation and Participatory Action Research (PAR) in Environmental Education Processes: For What are People Empowered? (Report)" by Australian Journal of Environmental Education # Book PDF Kindle ePub Free
eBook details
- Title: Participation and Participatory Action Research (PAR) in Environmental Education Processes: For What are People Empowered? (Report)
- Author : Australian Journal of Environmental Education
- Release Date : January 01, 2009
- Genre: Education,Books,Professional & Technical,Science & Nature,
- Pages : * pages
- Size : 105 KB
Description
Introduction Action research has an extensive history and its evolution is characterised by several generations of action research. Kemmis and McTaggart (2005, p. 560) identify four generations of action research in relation to education. The first generation begins with the work of social psychologist Kurt Lewin and its introduction into education in the United States by Stephen Corey. The initiative in the United States was, however, thwarted by efforts to interpret action research in positivist terms. A second generation of action research was influenced by the British tradition of action research in organisational development championed by researchers at the Tavistock Institute. This tradition began with the Ford Teaching project directed by John Elliot and Clem Adelman. The third tradition is the Australian tradition of action research. This tradition recognised the practical character of the British tradition but further called for an explicitly critical orientation. Kemmis and McTaggart (2005, p. 560) argue that the critical impulse in the Australian tradition was also paralleled in Europe at the time. A fourth generation of action research emerged with the fusion between critical emancipatory action research and participatory action research (PAR)--the latter referring to participatory research that developed in the context of social movements in the developing world, spearheaded by among others Paulo Freire, Orlando Fals Borda, Rajesh Tandon as well as Northern American and British workers in adult education and literacy. In this paper I shall refer to the fourth generation of action research as PAR (for more detail see Bhana, 1999; Fals Borda, 2001; Kemmis & McTaggart, 2005).